The latter is the most common form in foodstuffs, with the exception of fermented soy products, such as miso and tempeh. HRT: hormone replacement therapy, RCT: randomized controlled trial, VSM: vasomotor symptoms. The mean age of women ranged from 49 to 58.3 and 48 to 60.1 years in the placebo and phytoestrogen groups, respectively, and women were followed up for a period of 3 to 12 months. Menopause is characterized by a decrease in estrogen levels and is often accompanied by a range of symptoms. Dietary polyphenol intake in Europe: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. . Science is Knowledge Space & Physics The Effects of Moonlight May 22, 1858 Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, isoflavones, flavonoids, phytoestrogens, soy, bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer, menopausal symptoms. Sotoca A.M., van den Berg H., Vervoort J., van der Saag P., Strm A., Gustafsson J.A., Rietjens I., Murk A.J. Sirotkin A.V., Harrath A.H. Phytoestrogens and their effects. government site. Metabolites of dietary (soya) isoflavones in human urine. CVD: cardiovascular disease, LDL: low-density lipoprotein. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative. Zhang Q., Feng H., Qluwakemi B., Wang J., Yao S., Cheng G., Xu H., Qiu H., Zhu L., Yuan M. Phytoestrogens and risk of prostate cancer: An updated meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Heinonen S., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Identification of isoflavone metabolites dihydrodaidzein, dihydrogenistein, 6-OH-O-dma, and cis-4-OH-equol in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy using authentic reference compounds. Isoflavone glycosides have to be hydrolyzed to the aglycone form prior to its absorption by passive diffusion in the upper small intestine [28]. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Concerning this issue, six meta-analyses and two systematic reviews are included in the present review (Table 5). and J.T. (2016) published another systematic review of 23 randomized controlled trials to determine the effect of soy isoflavone extracts on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women [51]. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for cancer prevention. Equol is produced from the isoflavone daidzein by intestinal bacteria, mainly in the large intestine. May affect males and females differently A 2015 study of 205 people found that the full moon may affect sleep differently in males and females. Adlercreutz H., Markkanen H., Watanabe S. Plasma concentrations of phyto-oestrogens in Japanese men. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Interestingly, in a study conducted by Tamura et al., the authors observed that in individuals without the LPH enzyme, the concentration of isoflavones and derived metabolites was similar to that found in individuals without an enzyme deficiency. An official website of the United States government. The authors observed that soy isoflavone consumption was inversely associated with cancer deaths. Matulka R.A., Matsuura I., Uesugi T., Ueno T., Burdock G. Developmental and Reproductive Effects of SE5-OH: An Equol-Rich Soy-Based Ingredient. Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review. Moreover, this association was more prominent among postmenopausal women than premenopausal women. (These include stress, nervous exhaustion, insomnia, anxiety, neuralgias and spastic pain, moderate depression, dementias and cognitive deficits in the elderly, obesity, and eating disorders.) Winkel-Shirley B. Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Daidzein, genistein and glycitein occur naturally in the aglycone form, and thus their absorption is faster than that of others. The most significant food source of isoflavones in humans is soy-derived products, soybeans, soy flour, soy flakes, soy beverages and fermented soy products such as miso and tempeh, among others [9]. Zhao T.T., Jin F., Li J.G., Xu Y.Y., Dong H.T., Liu Q., Xing P., Zhu G.L., Xu H., Miao Z.F. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis with ten observational studies to assess the association between the isoflavone compounds daidzein, genistein and equol, and breast cancer [61]. The two systematic reviews conclude that isoflavones have an important role in reducing hot flushes [52,53], although some observations need to be pointed out. Although results vary greatly, most of these applications are supported by at least a few clinical studies. Therefore, it is necessary to support these results with additional studies. Bacterial metabolites of isoflavones forming in the gut. You et al. Micek A., Godos J., Brzostek T., Gniadek A., Favari C., Mena P., Libra M., Del Rio D., Galvano F., Grosso G. Dietary phytoestrogens and biomarkers of their intake in relation to cancer survival and recurrence: A comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis. DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.AOB.A087491 Corpus ID: 89019113; Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period @article{KadmanZahavi1987EffectsOM, title={Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period}, author={Avishag Kadman-Zahavi and Dovrat Peiper}, journal={Annals of Botany}, year={1987}, volume={60}, pages={621-623} } The unabsorbed isoflavones reach the colon, where they are absorbed after suffering structural modifications by colonic microbiota (Figure 3). Daily J.W., Ko B.S., Ryuk J., Liu M., Zhang W., Park S. Equol Decreases Hot Flashes in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Additionally, Yan and co-workers, in their meta-analysis with a total of ten prospective cohorts and seven case-control studies (including 508,841 participants and 17,269 cardiovascular disease events), observed that the consumption of soy foods, but not that of isoflavones, was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease (including coronary heart disease and stroke) [57]. (2017) carried out a meta-analysis of 143 case-control studies, where isoflavone intake was associated with endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancers [73]. Perna et al. Intestinal transport of quercetin glycosides in rats involves both deglycosylation and interaction with the hexose transport pathway. (At least not real scientists.) Among these, vasomotor symptoms comprising hot flushes and night sweats are the most common and bothersome, which, in turn, have a negative impact on womens quality of life. Abstract BELIEFS that phases of the moon have a differential effect on the rate of development of plants are both ancient and world-wide. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. When a group receiving hormone replacement therapy was included in the study, significant differences between the effects of hormone replacement therapy and soy were found, being the effect of the former superior to that of isoflavones. In fact, all the body fluids, as the tides, were controlled by the lunar phases. Kurzer M.S., Xu X. Dietary phytoestrogens. ), 2CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain, 3Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain. Thus, its consumption, according to epidemiological and clinical studies, has been postulated to be related to a decrease in the risk of different diseases. (2019) conducted a meta-analysis where 23 prospective studies with a total of 330,826 participants were included. This is mainly due to their potential adverse effects, which range from increased coronary heart disease to stroke and cancer [53,85]. (2018) analyzed 12 studies with 37,275 women with breast cancer and reported that soy isoflavone consumption at a pre-diagnosis stage might have a small effect on the survival of postmenopausal women with breast cancer [69]. Effects of isoflavones in cardiovascular disease-related markers. (2020) carried out a meta-analysis with 15 cohort studies with the aim of exploring the association between isoflavone intake (<62.7 mg/day) and breast cancer mortality and its recurrence [68]. In this revision, three systematic reviews and five meta-analyses were included to explore the association of isoflavones and markers related to CVDs (Table 3). While a moderate intake of soy isoflavones did not significantly affect breast cancer risk, a significant reduction was shown when the intake was high. Accessibility The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Moon produces two bulges in the ocean on opposite sides of the Earth. Chalvon-Demersay T., Azzout-Marniche D., Arfsten J., Egli L., Gaudichon C., Karagounis L.G., Tom D. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Plant Compared with Animal Protein Sources on Features of Metabolic Syndrome. (2015), the authors examined the efficacy of phytoestrogens in reducing hot flushes [86]. In view of the results gathered in the present review, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that reveals the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Study duration ranged from four weeks to two years, with a median of 12 weeks. Akhlaghi M., Ghasemi Nasab M., Riasatian M., Sadeghi F. Soy isoflavones prevent bone resorption and loss, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hua X., Yu L., You R., Yang Y., Liao J., Chen D. Association among Dietary Flavonoids, Flavonoid Subclasses and Ovarian Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. You J., Sun Y., Bo Y., Zhu Y., Duan D., Cui H., Lu Q. Gee J.M., DuPont M.S., Day A.J., Plumb G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T. The improvement was greater in treatments lasting more than one year and in subjects with normal weight, probably because subjects with excessive body weight have a lesser risk of bone loss. Only one study examined the effects of red clover on night sweats, and a significant association was found, which showed a decreased frequency in night sweats. Vlachopoulos C., Aznaouridis K., Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. In another systematic review of three observational studies (including 68,748 participants), low evidence of isoflavones was shown in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases [61]. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Nevertheless, the metabolism of formononetin and biochanin A, the main isoflavones in red clover, has been less studied due to their limited presence in foodstuffs. Ten studies reported a significant reduction in hot flush frequency in the phytoestrogen group when compared with the placebo group. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. The same results were reported in another meta-analysis published by the same authors a year later (Li et al., 2016), when they compared the efficacy of several non-hormonal drugs on hot flushes, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotoninnorepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), gabapentin, clonidine and soy isoflavones [88]. In miso and tempeh, the aglycone form is the most abundant one [9]. Setchell K.D., Brown N.M., Lydeking-Olsen E. The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. FOIA Whilst soy isoflavones show positive effects when compared with placebo, synthetic, or a combination of different types of isoflavones seem to be more effective than natural soy. Phytoestrogen Metabolism by Adult Human Gut Microbiota. Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. van der Schouw Y.T., Kreijkamp-Kaspers S., Peeters P.H., Keinan-Boker L., Rimm E.B., Grobbee D.E. He X., Sun L.M. The effect of soy isoflavones on arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Some gardening folklore suggests that planting crops according to the phases of the moon will give you a better harvest, but there is little scientific evidence to back this up. Apparently, soy isoflavones modified adhesion molecules by binding to vascular endothelium and mimicking the effect of a modulator of estrogen receptors [64]. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Chang H.H., Robinson A.R., Common R.H. Excretion of radioactive diadzein and equol as monosulfates and disulfates in the urine of the laying hen. Inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, but not in cohort studies. Proof by rational experiment seems to have been. Hence, plants grow faster and healthier. Gut bacterial metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein: Exploring the relevance to human health. Grosso et al. In a more recent systematic review, including two meta-analyses, as well as one multicenter and randomized controlled trial, Chen and his team concluded that isoflavones reduced lumbar spine bone mineral density loss [53]. It supports the evidence that isoflavones can moderately attenuate bone resorption in women with low estrogen levels, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck. Looking at a few examples of moonlight's. Sansai et al. Zhong X.S., Ge J., Chen S.W., Xiong Y.Q., Ma S.J., Chen Q. Moreover, five studies reported side-effect data, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. Postprandial lipemia detects the effect of soy protein on cardiovascular disease risk compared with the fasting lipid profile. ; Funding Acquisition, M.P.P. The results showed no significant association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk, with the highest (0.675.5 mg/day) versus the lowest (0.0120.1 mg/day) categories of dietary isoflavone intake. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women. On the contrary, women who were already equol producers did not obtain any additional benefit from supplements of equol or isoflavones. This difference could explain the slow effect of isoflavones in alleviating hot flushes. In contrast, red clover was not associated with changes in the hot flush frequency. In addition, genistein and glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being further converted into other metabolites. and A.F.-Q. Metabolism of intraruminally administered [4-. Chen M.N., Lin C.C., Liu C.F. Dietary isoflavones or isoflavone-rich food intake and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Franco O.H., Chowdhury R., Troup J., Voortman T., Kunutsor S., Kavousi M., Oliver-Williams C., Muka T. Use of Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. Applegate C.C., Rowles J.L., Ranard K.M., Jeon S., Erdman J.W. In tropical climates meat which is exposed to the moonlight rapidly becomes putrid ; and in the Indies, the negroes who will lie sweltering and unoovered beneath the full glare of a tropical sun, carefully muffle their heads and faces when exposed to the moonbeams, which they believe will cause swelling and distortion of the features, and sometimes even blindness. Diversely, Liu et al. Lu L.J., Anderson K.E. (2016) suggested that a daily intake of soy isoflavones, ranging from 20 to 100 mg/day, reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, as well as some markers of oxidative stress (nitric oxide and malonaldehyde), thus reducing cardiovascular risk [52]. Rienks et al. However, there is still a great heterogeneity among studies, which makes the current data inconclusive. Xu B., Chibber R., Ruggiero D., Kohner E., Ritter J., Ferro A., Ruggerio D. Impairment of vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity by advanced glycation end products. However, the authors pointed out several limitations of this study, such as the important source of heterogeneity in their study. Global climate change is not a future problem. EFSA Pannel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS) Risk assessment for peri- and post-menopausal women taking food su pplements containing isola ted isoflavones. A total of 16 studies were included in their meta-analysis with a range of 24 to 236 subjects. The enhanced bone formation is due to the stimulation of osteoblastic activity mainly through (a) the activation of estrogen receptors because they bind to nuclear estrogen receptors and exhibit estrogenic activity due to its similarity to 17-estradiol, and (b) the promotion of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production [54,55] (Figure 4). Rienks J., Barbaresko J., Nthlings U. Furthermore, among the four studies of breast cancer recurrence, three studies found that isoflavone intake decreased the risk of breast cancer recurrence, although further studies are required to confirm this finding [82]. Another meta-analysis explored the effects of several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, taking into account not only hot flushes but also night sweats [89]. Sfakianos J., Coward L., Kirk M., Barnes S. Intestinal uptake and biliary excretion of the isoflavone genistein in rats. On the contrary, a systematic review and meta-analysis reported by Man et al. Finally, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Discover world-changing science. That's what behavioral ecologist Jenny York learned while studying white-browed sparrow weavers . Daidzein is first converted into dihydrodaidzein, which is the precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin (O-DMA) [37]. PV panels have been linked . The six meta-analyses show a slight improvement in the frequency and intensity of hot flushes. Regarding this topic, three systematic reviews and three meta-analyses were analyzed (Table 2). [(accessed on 21 September 2020)]; Messina M., Nagata C., Wu A.H. Yan Z., Zhang X., Li C., Jiao S., Dong W. Association between consumption of soy and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of observational studies. However, all the authors agree that further studies are necessary so as to confirm these results. Hua et al. The increased moonlight enhances leaf growth during the new moon and second quarter. Neuroprotective effects of 17beta-estradiol and nonfeminizing estrogens against H. Endoh H., Sasaki H., Maruyama K., Takeyama K., Waga I., Shimizu T., Kato S., Kawashima H. Rapid activation of MAP kinase by estrogen in the bone cell line. Moreover, Rienks et al. As far as the mechanisms of action involved in the decrease in triglyceride concentration are concerned, it has been reported that hepatic lipase and/or lipoprotein lipase activity may be increased as a result of isoflavone presence. Dong J.Y., Qin L.Q. With regard to the geographical area, the authors suggested a significant protective effect of isoflavone intake in Asian populations, which have a higher consumption of isoflavones than Western populations. Hormone replacement therapy has been proven to be effective in reducing vasomotor symptoms, although isoflavones have gained popularity as an alternative treatment to hormone replacement therapy to relieve menopausal symptoms. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. In like manner, a meta-analysis by Simental-Menda et al. They observed that daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a significant reduction of prostate cancer risk. Nachvak S.M., Moradi S., Anjom-Shoae J., Rahmani J., Nasiri M., Maleki V., Sadeghi O. Soy, Soy Isoflavones, and Protein Intake in Relation to Mortality from All Causes, Cancers, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. In general terms, it has been observed that in Asian countries where there is high consumption of soy and its derived foodstuffs, isoflavone intake is high, ranging from 15 to 60 mg/day [20,21], whereas, in western countries, it is notably lower, around 12 mg/day [22,23,24]. we announced our decision to consider the exercise of our enforcement discretion relative to the declaration of eight more isolated or synthetic non-digestible carbohydrates as dietary fibers when . In any case, it is important to bear in mind that a great number of expert scientists and doctors think that breast cancer survivors should not increase their isoflavone intake [94], although others consider that their consumption is safe and beneficial [95]. Effects of isoflavones in menopausal symptoms. The light of the moon also influences animals that are active in daytime. 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. The association between dietary isoflavones intake and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Finally, it is important to mention that despite the fact that potential isoflavone adverse effects have been widely studied, little is known about the side effect of the bacterial metabolite equol. Nevertheless, the results do not seem entirely conclusive, as there are discrepancies among the studies included in the systematic reviews and in the meta-analyses, probably related to their experimental designs. Contrary to other types of renewable energies, such as wind and hydroelectricity, evidence on the effects of PV panels on biodiversity has been building up only fairly recently. Bhathena S.J., Velasquez M.T. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. Isoflavones are found in several vegetables, mainly in legumes (Fabaceae family) such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans [9,10]. Franco et al. The majority of the studies that used display stimuli, such as photos, 3D images, virtual reality, and videos of natural landscapes, confirmed that viewing natural scenery led to more relaxed body responses than viewing the control. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for menopausal symptoms. In this line, three meta-analyses were conducted to study isoflavone consumption and endometrial cancer risk. Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A meta-analysis. A significant 19% reduction of the risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not at genistein or equol concentrations. Two of the studies also revealed that women who were able to produce equol or who had received equol supplementation could have had a greater benefit from isoflavones [53]. Potential mechanism of action of isoflavones on bone metabolism. Focusing on the overall intake of isoflavones in humans, several studies have reported varied results. In the aforementioned mechanism, it has been reported that isoflavones bind to both ER and ER, although they present a higher affinity towards ER receptors [7]. The effect of the moon on planting times is stated as a matter of fact in such popular publications as The Old Farmer's Almanac and books such as Gardening and Planting by the Moon 2018, and, of course, calendars such as The Biodynamic Sowing and Planting Calendar 2018. Thus, whereas Asian populations have an average isoflavone consumption of >30 mg/day, Western populations consume <1 mg/day [83]. In the last few decades, scientific evidence has stressed the importance of plants in the prevention and/or supportive treatment of a plethora of diseases, many of them chronic, age-associated disorders. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are required. Effect of soy isoflavone daidzein: Exploring the relevance to human health the placebo group the.... 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